How to Build an Over-Unity Device

"Trough Leverage Partial Perpetual Motion Machine"

Modified with important details 2017/10/11:

"SMOT Without Magnets"

Parts:
1 X 1/8 in. diameter aluminum rod (approx. 12 in. long).
1 X long k'nex member (orange, black, or tan) approx. 6 in. X 1/8 in.
2 X medium k'nex members (red or yellow) approx. 4 in. X 1/8 in.
7 X medium-small k'nex members (blue or yellow) approx. 2 in. X 1/8 in.
1 X Additional optional k'nex member, easily replaced with wire
7 X half-circle k'nex connector pieces (yellow) approx. 1.5 in. X 1 in X 1/4in.
Duct Tape
Indefinite number of Amazon book-box quality cardboard of medium thickness.
1 X Quarter, 1X penny, 1 X standard marble, and 5 in duct tape to serve as counterweight
1 X Standard marble for mobile weight
5 X pennies (not always necessary)
3 X packets of sculpee clay or small heavy block of wood.

Steps:

Attach the 1/8 in. diameter aluminum rod to the long k'nex member, wrapping tightly with a half-width of duct tape. Remove the duct tape if bunching occurs, as this will reduce the narrowness and stiffness of the member. Favor lightweight over heavy connections, and making sure that the entire length is about 23 inches.

Take two half-circle k'nex connectors, and attach 2 medium k'nex members, attaching one to each, close to the flat side. Now place a member through the hole in the connectors, with the previously attached medium connectors facing the same direction, with the flat ends of the pierced connectors up. Now securely fasten the bunched medium members to the earlier-made long member, so that the hole in the connectors is located at 6.25 inches from the tip of the metal end with the majority of the length opposite the members just attached. Adjust the tape if necessary to make sure that a member can freely rotate inside the connector arrangement which is attached to the lever.

Now take two more half-circle connectors, and attach 4 medium-small members, 2 per connector, in each case forming a symmetrical 90-degree angle on the connector. Place a member of any adequate length through the secured lever-connectors and then support this new fulcrum joint with the attached medium-small members, by piercing the new half-circle connectors.

Adjust the tape if necessary to make sure that a member can freely rotate inside the connector arrangement which is attached to the lever.

Attach two additional half-circle k'nex connectors to the ends of the taped unit (now a lever), near thebmetal end, positioning them so the flat sides are turned towards eachother, forming a narrow floating base. Then attach a quarter, a penny, and a standard size or slightly smaller marble together to this base at an average center of mass of 6.25 inches from the fulcrum, using exactly 5 inches of duct tape. Slight less or additional weight may be necessary later, but can be offset by re-positioning the lever forwards or back. Make sure the counterweight is secure, but that there are not excessive globs of duct tape, which would weigh down the machine. Later, during testing, it may be necessary to re-attach the counterweight using the same amount of duct tape, or to attach additional duct tape with small additional weights, or just precise amounts of duct tape serving as additional weight. However, finding the weight ratio should now be possible.

Create a cardboard base of indefinite dimensions, at least 4 in. wide by 12 in. long.

Take more pieces of cardboard, cutting the cardboard to create two very slightly sloped panels, from 6 - 12 inches long (about 1/8 in. thick), and towards the outer end relative to the position of the lever, incorporating a slight ultra straight and smooth slope of only 0.5 degrees which extends for at least 3.2 inches at a constant height of about 2-3 inches minus slope, such that the lever passes through at an angle of estimated 4 - 9 degrees below level (this can be adjusted by raising or lowering the fulcrum or hinge), the steeper angle being the angle at which the upper surface of the lever meets the beginning of the 3.2 inch long slot in the track.

When the lever is introduced in the track, the track should begin at 10.8 inches extending to 14 inches from the fulcrum of the lever, meaning the very straight and smooth track must be approx exactly 3.2 inches long, except for the outer support tabs I'll mention, in the ratios provided. At the end of the 3.2 inches, the slotted cardboard ends so that the marble can apply pressure.

The distance of the counterweight from the fulctum-hinge must be almost exactly 6.25 inches at the midpoint of its mass, and weighted with 1 U.S. penny, 1 U.S. quarter, a standard or slightly smaller marble, and attached with almost exactly 5 inches of duct tape.

Tape the cardboard track members to the cardboard base, allowing room for the lever to pass through freely. Make sure the track members are taped securely by placing tape laterally over the vertical duct tape pieces, once the track is in position for the lever. Make sure that the gap is narrow enough to support a marble (when it is stabilized) along the 0.5 degree upward slope, and wide enough to accommodate the lever passing through the slot.

Test the position of the lever, allowing a gap thick enough to accommodate the long end of the lever.

Three of the medium k'nex members can be used to stabilize the separation between the two sides of the cardboard track. Tape the three members closely together, so they form a 3 X 1 unit on their shortest length. Cut two approx. 2 in. X 4 in. cardboard members, lower the lever into the slot, These should be fastened with duct tape to the bottom of the outer sides of the portion of the track unit which does not include the slope, without obstructing the lever.

Then tape the vertical outer cardboard members to the two side lengths of the 3 X 1 member with duct tape, above the track elements. inside and outside above the slotted arrangement without creating obstruction. The 3 X 1 serves as a separator and stabilizer between the two sides of the track, keeping the gap somewhat less than the width of a standard marble.

(Haven't reached the flaps yet).

Tape cruder outer horizontal cardboard panels around the active track portion of the unit, e.g. on the outside side of the actual track portion where the smaller marble will be rolling, allowing some visibility, but allowing for greater control of the marble when it is being placed, and to prevent the marble from flying out when the lever is in the wrong position. Although some additional outside taping and structuring may be necessary, now the track portion might be considered complete, assuming that the altitude of the lever can be adjusted, and that the angularity of the track is very slight (only about 0.5 degrees, and extending for about 3.2 inches).

Tape the k'nex fulcrum supports with the lever attached between them from an earlier step to some sort of solid base, about three inches off the surface being used, and ideally with at least 2 sq. inches of surface area at 3 in. height for attaching with tape. Packets of sculpee clay are ideal, but other things such as blocks of wood can be substituted. It is best if this item is solidly attached, because otherwise it is possible to inadvertently lose appropriate angularity, or even to damage other elements of the device. Tape the lever to this second base when it is ascertained that the angularity of the lever at 2 - 3 X the distance of the center of the counterweight is equal to 6 - 5 degrees below level, with 6 degrees occurring at the beginning of the (0.5 degree) and 4.5 - 5 inch long upward-sloping track.

Alternately, test the position of the lever with attached counterweight by trial and error, locating the angle at which the smaller marble moves when placed at the beginning of the finished track.

When the unit is complete, additional experimentation may be required to find a repeatable process, but when all the steps are followed, the process should be significantly repeatable. Here is a troubleshooting guide for the final success stage:

(1) If the lever won't move the marble upwards, maneuver the lever up and down, to see if there is any obstruction in the slotted track. There should be zero obstruction, and the marble should still have support from both sides of the track. Be careful to avoid bumps in the angularity of the upwards slope of the cardboard, because this changes the effective angle of operation. Adjust the construction or lean and rotation of the track and track base if necessary.

(2) If there is no obstruction and the counterweight will still not lift the marble at 10.8 to 14 : 6.25 X counterweight distance on the opposite end of the fulcrum, or if the counterweight catapults the marble vertically instead of pushing it horizontally, then it is time to add or subtract weight from the counterweight. Did you use a U.S quarter, a penny, and a standard or slightly smaller marble taped at an average distance of 6.25 inches from the fulcrum? Make sure you used a 10.8 to 14 : 6.25 leverage ratio, and that the lever itself is ultra lightweight and not at all obstructed, but still applying upward pressure from the vounterweight unimpeded between the slots. The lever may have to be extremely narrow even if multiple pieces have to be attached.

(3) Now, experiment by trial and error. In earlier stages, it should have been certain that the counterweighted lever could push the marble horizontally. Now, with a very slight upward angle, the same process should repeat, and it should become clear that the lever returns back to its height after being operated. It is also clear that every part which operates can return to its beginning altitude, that is, when stops are placed on the range of the lever, and when the mobile marble is stopped when it drops to its beginning altitude. Over-unity!

A perpetual motion machine requires crooked levers (that is, levers designed with a double-bend somewhere between the fulcrum and the 10.8 : 6.25 leverage distance and a duplication of the above concept up to eight times, creating a horizontal loop, with every lever end chopped at or immediately after the end of the upwards track, and with the base of every upwards track positioned in a series at the same average altitude as the previous track, and with a sufficiently taller and heavier mobile weight such that its midpoint is taller than the high point of the lever blocked at the high point of the functional range, and with proportionally heavier counterweight as well, with corresponding changes in the effective mass of the lever as necessary for stronger support and not to break.

SUGGESTION 2:

SCARPA'S PENDULUM

This is an alternate, simpler design depicted in the Real Perpetual Motion Experiment 1. It doesn't seem to work when the tether is tied to something, but who knows? Maybe with a perfect swivel attachment or a ring track narrower than the bowl it would work. I still prefer suggestion 1.

CHECKLIST: 1. Hard flat surface underneath the bowl. 2. Small smooth bowl, round with small area in center (shallow if desired, but perfectly round). 3. Ball weight with tether (at least 6 in. for tying. Preferably 8 - 16 in.) 4. Equal or larger free-moving ball to be placed in bowl and provide push against the tethered ball from the slope of the bowl.

NOTE: the balls should be less than the width of the bowl, but the tethered ball should rotate off-center from the middle. This means neither ball should be more than half the width of the bowl unless the other is smaller. Ideally at least one of the balls is approximately equal to the diameter, or one ball must be larger than the diameter, and the other smaller, in which case the larger ball may be ideally lightweight, although still perfectly spherical, hung on the tether. Otherwise, the balls may best be equal and optimally less in width than the entire bowl, but not much less.